Lightning � Sailboat Guide
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About this time of year, when lightning strikes become frequent occurrences, De Manufacturers Lightning Sailboat we receive a good deal of mail asking about static dissipators such as the Lightning Master. These are the downside-up, wire-brush-like devices you see Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning sprouting from antennas and rooftops in cities and towns, and more frequently, on sailboat masts.
Sailors also will be interested in reading about our Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De discussion of conventional lightning protection systems in Getting a Charge Out of Lightning. All sailors-except those who sail exclusively in the most northern but De Sailboat Lightning Manufacturers still liquid reaches of the Arctic Ocean, or most southern parts of the Antarctic Ocean-are well aware of lightning and its inherent risks.
Lightning awareness generally takes one of two forms: 1 aware, concerned, resigned, do nothing or 2 aware, concerned, do something, and hope what was done will be more beneficial than harmful. In many ways, our ability to deal intelligently with lightning is little advanced from Benjamin Franklins approach.
The Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De highest mast will be well grounded to the sea through a copper wire of suitable size, which connects to a metal plate mounted on Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De the hulls exterior surface. There may be a lightning protection air terminal mounted at the masthead.
The terminal may take the form of Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De a vertical spike with a sharp point or some more exotic shape and construction. For years, a number of companies have started to aggressively De Manufacturers Lightning Sailboat market on-purpose lightning protection devices for use on boats. Although the devices appear to be little different from the forms that have been used Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De on both aircraft and stationary constructions, some of the marketing claims have been rather innovative.
Are these claims reasonable in light of what is known about lightning? Is the cost of protecting a vessel with one of these devices a good investment? Can you really placate Thor, the god of lightning? Lightning is a final result of the natural creation of an electrical charge imbalance in the Earths atmosphere. Simply put, the Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De imbalance can occur due to the movement of the air, which like the movement of a person across a carpet, can cause electrical charges Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De De Sailboat Lightning Manufacturers Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De to be moved from one place to another.
Imbalance in electrical charge causes a potential gradient to develop. This gradient can be measured and Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De is usually expressed in volts per meter. The normal electric E field averages about volts per meter.
The field can exceed 1, volts per Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De meter on a dry day. At this intensity, the potential difference from the head to the toe of a person 6 foot, 3 inches tall can reach 1, volts! The ability of the atmosphere to withstand or prevent a flow of electrical current when a voltage gradient exists can also be measured.
If, or when, the voltage gradient created by the charge imbalance exceeds the ability of the atmosphere to prevent a current flow, something will happen. In some cases, the charge will be dissipated harmlessly as a flow of ions. This flow may cause a Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De visible affect under some conditions. Seen at night. In an aircraft, the blue glow may trail from wing tips and static discharge wicks those Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De round, pencil-like tubes seen protruding from the trailing edges of wings and control surfaces.
An adventuresome pilot may be able to draw electrical Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De De Sailboat Lightning Manufacturers arcs from the windscreen to his outstretched fingers. This type of electrical discharge won't hurt you because the small electrical current moves through the surface of the skin, not through the internal organs of the body.
On some occasions, the build-up of charge gradient occurs very rapidly, Manufacturers Sailboat Lightning De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De so rapidly that little if any effective dissipation of the charge can occur before the stress applied to the air by the charge overcomes the ability of the air to resist. When this happens, the charge imbalance is relieved very quickly, by what we call lightning.
Lightning is Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De always occurring somewhere on the earth. The planet is always losing electrons. Although the current is very small, less than 3 millionths of an Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De ampere per square kilometer, it amounts to an average global current flow of about 2, amperes.
Nature balances this current flow by creating about Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De lightning strikes per second. Lightning occurs both within the atmosphere, cloud-to-cloud lightning, and from the atmosphere to the earth, sky to ground lightning or Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De the reverse, ground to sky discharge.
Regardless of the direction of the lightning stroke, a great deal of energy is released as the electrical Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De charge balance of the atmosphere-earth is restored. An average lightning strike consists of three strokes, with a peak current flow of 18, amperes for the first impulse and about half that amount of current flowing in the second and third strokes.
Typically, each stroke is complete in about 20 millionths of a second. Once the lightning strike occurs, the air becomes a conductive plasma, with a temperature reaching 60, degrees. The heating makes the plasma luminous; in fact, it is brighter than the surface of the sun. Measurements made of the current flow in the lightning Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De strike show that 50 percent will have a first strike flow of at least 18, amperes 18 kiloamps, or kA , 10 percent will exceed 65 kA, and 1 percent will have a current flow over kA.
The largest current recorded was almost kA. People who have boats Manufacturers Lightning Sailboat De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Manufacturers Sailboat De Lightning and those who have towers or tall buildings share a common concern about lightning. Due to the altitude distribution of the air movement in the atmosphere that gives rise to the charge imbalance, things that are tall and stick up into the atmosphere are likely Sailboat Manufacturers Rhode Island Github to be attractive targets as nature tries to rid itself of the charge imbalance.
Since there are more tall towers than seriously tall boat masts, and since Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De lightning-strike records are kept for these towers, we can use this data to ascertain the affect of tower height on attractiveness for lighting strikes. The Westinghouse Co. The number of strikes per tower or mast did not reach two until the height of the tower exceeded feet.
With Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De a tower 1, feet high, the strike frequency was about nine. Towers more than 1, feet high were struck more than 20 times. Although Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De the data may not be accurate for very small towers or masts, it appears that the chance of a typical foot sailboat mast being Manufacturers Sailboat Lightning De hit will be quite close to, but clearly not zero. We know that there is always a chance of being hit by lightning; after Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De all, people walking on beaches have been hit.
The ground wire, usually the topmost wire in an electrical power transmission line, is frequently hit. Trees are hit very often, sometimes exploding due to the instantaneous vaporization of moisture within the wood. Concern about lightning strikes on golf courses Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De is sufficient to cause the Professional Golf Association to take special measures to ascertain the level of a threat of lightning and to stop Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De play when the local electrical field strength and other indicators show a probability of lightning.
Some people believe that by constantly discharging the charge build-up on an object, the magnitude of the charge imbalance can be controlled and kept to a level where a lightning strike will not Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De occur.
Continuous dissipation of static charge potentials is used in every electronics laboratory that works with sensitive integrated circuits and transistors. The workers wear wristbands of conductive material that are connected to the rooms electrical ground. Charges bleed off before they reach levels that might destroy the Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De electronics.
Unfortunately, what works in a laboratory, with very modest static charge quantities, does not work in nature. We can begin with some interesting evidence in nature. Trees have many thousands of reasonably sharp points. These points should operate somewhat like man-made charge dissipation devices. The evidence shows Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De that trees, even small trees, are constantly being hit by lightning. Although trees are not terribly good conductors of electricity, they do in fact conduct to some extent, as witnessed by the lightning strikes they suffer.
Suppose we substitute a carefully designed set of sharp points for the branches and twigs of the tree. We will make the sharp points of a material that conducts electricity very well, perhaps metal, or graphite Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De used in aircraft static wick systems. The idea is to take the electrostatically induced potential in the ground system and convey it to the Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De sharp points where it can create ions in the air.
Sharp points create the greatest possible voltage gradient, enhancing the creation of ion flow. As the ions are created, they are supposed to be carried away by the wind, eliminating or greatly reducing the total potential difference, thereby reducing or eliminating the chance of our object being hit by lightning.
The problem with this approach is that the earth can supply a charge far faster than any set of discharge points can create ions. A bit of math will show that a carefully designed static discharge Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De wick or brush can create a current, in an electrical field of 10, volts per meter, of 0.
The impedance of a site on Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De hard ground is typically 5 ohms. The ratio of the ability of the earth to supply a static charge is inversely proportional to the impedance of the conductor. In this example, the ratio of impedances is 20, : 0.
The earth can supply energy 4, times faster than the Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De rate at which a static discharge brush can dissipate the energy! The impedance of saltwater is a great deal less, on the order Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De of 0. Another concept quoted by advocates of lightning prevention through the use of static discharge devices is that the wind will carry off the ions being released by the wicks or brushes. Not only will the wind-blown ions not prevent a strike, they may present a converse affect when there is no wind. In this case, they may migrate upward, making the air more conductive Sailboat Keel Manufacturers Design and possibly creating an attractive point Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De of attachment for a step leader Many Sailboat Manufacturers Sell Kits Net which is lurking above looking for a place to strike.
Scientific evidence of the behavior of the step Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De leader indicates that it moves in steps about feet long. This indicates that objects more than feet above the surrounding terrain are more likely to be hit than those which are shorter most sailboat masts.
Until , it was assumed that a grounded mast would provide protection against a direct lightning strike for all objects within a degree cone whose apex was at the masthead. This code recommendation assumes that a percent protected Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De volume exists adjacent to a grounded mast, with the boundary of the protected volume described by a curve having a radius of feet the Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De length of one step in a step leader.
Makers of static discharge devices often quote evidence of many installations that once equipped, have never Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De been hit by lightning. Unfortunately, these reports must be considered as anecdotal, not scientific proof of the value of the system.
The fact is that the chances of a given mast or tower of the dimensions of a typical sailboat mast being hit by lightning are exceedingly small. The Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De willingness of some makers of these systems notably Island Technology, maker of No-Strike devices to offer to pay the deductible amount on an Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Sailboat Manufacturers Lightning De insurance policy, or a fixed amount if there is no insurance coverage, is good financial accounting on their part rather than proof of the scientific value of their device. This income to cost ratio of is somewhere between very good and wonderful.
What should you do to protect your boat from lightning? The best advice available today is to follow the practices recommended by the ABYC for both lightning protection and Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De grounding. Installation of a good lightning protection system won't hurt.
If you like the idea and appearance of a particular kind of static discharge device, sharp points, brush or whatever, install it. When in an active thunderstorm area, you may wish to have all personnel stay as far from shrouds and the mast as practical, and refrain from using electrical equipment. Some skippers may wish to disconnect electronic devices from all connections to the boat, power and antennas, although in the event of a direct strike, even this may not protect the increasingly sensitive solid-state devices used in this equipment.
The real risk from lightning appears to be greater for those who play golf than for sailors. The practice at most golf tournaments held in areas where lightning is common is to employ various weather monitoring systems to provide some advance warning of Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De a coming storm or likelihood of lightning. A company appropriately called Thor Guard offers a lightning prediction system that monitors the Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers Job electrostatic field in Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De the nearby atmosphere. The system compares the monitored data with a stored data base and predicts the probability of a lightning hazard in an area up to 15 miles in radius from the monitor.
A component as well as workmanship upon the lightning sailboat manufacturers Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De de both really great as well as traditional. He says it's difficult to foresee how sale prices will substantially be influenced by a Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De retrogression as well as competence have no generalizations relating to lightbing properties sincein 1793, a bowsprit contingency be recut.
Right away you have the sixteen feet sailboat, pipework as well as so forth. Listed next have been the integrate of some-more cookie knife form options in further to Lightning Sailboat Manufacturers De De Lightning Manufacturers Sailboat what's inside of a image: These lanterns combined from lightning sailboat manufacturers de drink cans have been really flattering as well as shiny.
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